The Dirty Work of Neoliberalism

Presentation With the regularly expanding typical cost for basic items, everybody would be excited with purchasing quality and promptly accessible products for less. Also, as the rush of neoliberalism clears over the globe, benefits are intensified and economies balanced out. That is a definitive exemplification of neoliberalism; passing the market test.Advertising We will compose a custom basic composing test on The Dirty Work of Neoliberalism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Challenges have been experienced however foremost consideration has just been on quick impacts of auxiliary changes and of different approaches particularly in the creating nations. The socio social ramifications of neoliberalism, all the more so moral ramifications on a greater part of apparently undetectable workforce, has since been disregarded. This paper tries to give a top to bottom examination of worldwide restoration by drawing consideration on what it implies for the laborers. It tries to dissect the current worldwide work strategies and their effects on the work showcase with extraordinary thoughtfulness regarding its consequences for the working states of the cleaners. Neoliberalism is a term used to portray an endeavor by governments to rebuild and balance out their economies through decentralization, progressively including the private division in the financial and political undertakings and regularizing the market. This methodology was received by various countries as they continued looking for conservative strategies that would decrease swelling and cultivate financial development. It includes a blend of monetary approaches which regulate parts through transforming or changing entire political and financial arrangements. Its definitive objectives include giving over the control of the economy to the private business with the expectation that it will improve administration and lift the economy.Advertising Looking for basic composition on business financ ial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ideally, neoliberalism is required to bridle and change into tasks the methodologies that utilize the language of the market, the fitness, buyer inclination, self freedom and customary deduction to move the hazard from states and foundations to people or gatherings and spread out the idea to the social circles. Be that as it may, these endeavors have then again finished into a stage where markets are not, at this point controlled; laborers are being misused by their managers, natural degeneration and exemption at practically all degrees of administration. The undetectable specialist While it has figured out how to initiate financial development across countries, neoliberalism has debased the working and day to day environments of the laborers and advanced double dealing with respect to businesses in this industry. The moving of hazard from the administration companies to the priv ate segment has made a circumstance where people and gatherings which have cornered the cleaning business have turned beguiling. They are quick to investigate their own advantages and deal with their business domains to the detriment of representatives. Stuck the agreements that tough situation their representatives to them, their conditions are temporary and the laborers are locked in on similarly temporary premise and not considered as genuine workers. This leaves them in a helpless circumstance since they are peeled off worker rights, for example, protection, paid occasions among others. This was a typical marvel in London during the 1970s. A comparable circumstance was watched as of late in Santiago where a restroom chaperon not just without any assistance assumes responsibility for the washroom yet he is additionally expected to deal with gathering the charging expense and give the washroom toiletries (Aguiar and Andrew, 89). This is the circumstance particularly in the cleanin g business everywhere throughout the world. Cleaners keep up upscale shopping places, present day workplaces and inns yet this gathering of laborers has never been given a lot of consideration. As a general rule they are looked down upon.Advertising We will compose a custom basic composing test on The Dirty Work of Neoliberalism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Majority of the cleaners are not esteemed and are regularly exposed to abuse. Attributable to their low wages and status, they happen to live in the most antagonistic conditions in the most exceedingly terrible shanties in enormous urban areas. The cleaner is very a cutting edge world, yet has an outcast connection with. Absence of government strategies that depict reasonable business and working conditions, for example, the necessary working hours, standard wages and working conditions just serves to open laborers to advance weakness, declining their disgraceful conditions. The holding of the workerâ₠¬â„¢s lawful rights with the businesses subverts their privileges and gives supreme control of the laborer to the business making a lopsided force relationship. Wal-Mart for example prevails by profiting by the low pay low advantage reason of work. Their business strategies are needing. The accomplishment of the organization is to the detriment of laborers who persevere through the least wages, unsatisfactory working conditions, lacking human services, security among other upsetting issues. Laborers at Wal-Mart have vague working hours and their wages are relatively lower than those of a typical retail representative. Numerous laborers are constrained to work extended periods, denied breaks and as a rule are denied extra time compensation. It's anything but another wonder for Wal-Mart to give lower compensation when deals go down. Segregation despite everything stays an issue in spite of most governments’ endeavors at transforming the cleaning business. Contracting out in pol itically-sanctioned racial segregation South Africa and its ensuing neoliberal post politically-sanctioned racial segregation establishments has prompted expanded remaining task at hand and lessened compensation and advantages to countless laborers in the cleaning division. Much the same as it was in the politically-sanctioned racial segregation work framework, neoliberalism has diverted the weight to the homes and networks of the poor laborers through strategies, for example, â€Å"rational† affecting of progress in open foundations. There still exists isolation in spots, for example, colleges and different establishments of higher learning.Advertising Searching for basic composition on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Endeavors have been made by the â€Å"invisible† laborers to reestablish and safeguard their pride as laborers. This is totally finished with the understanding that theirs is a similarly significant work which the top echelons of the executives can't do without anyone else. The Women’s Liberation Movement of the 1970s in Britain was such an endeavor to sort out night janitors. The resulting strikes uncovered the predicament of this ignored sort of laborers. Be that as it may, the predominant monetary and political circumstance and the impacts of privatization made unionization troublesome as they expanded inconsistencies in the general public. Wal-Mart organization Private corporations’ arrangements have cleared out independent ventures as well as dismissed the employees’ rights and made genuine damage the earth. By misusing innovation and the rising worldwide economy (a result of neoliberalism), organizations like Wal-Mart have totally changed the America n economy and incredibly affected the worldwide financial parity. The vender has gotten more remarkable than the maker. Therefore, retailers are constraining the makers to move creation abroad. This mission has prompted the joint endeavors between Wal-Mart, an unmistakable US retailer of most shopper products and China. While the organization scavenges the world for less expensive providers that advantage the American purchaser, exactly how do the laborers in the providing countries admission? Wal-Mart is the exemplification of neoliberals perfect; the best thing to have at any point happened to the American and world economy as it happens to create what the purchaser needs as well as convey an assortment of products at truly moderate costs. Be that as it may, what are the ramifications of low estimated items to the individuals who work for these organizations? It isn't just expanding the quantity of jobless individuals in the avenues but on the other hand is liable for the consiste ntly expanding low expectations for everyday life for the American individuals as well as for those working in the diaspora. While these items are attainable for the American purchaser, the â€Å"everyday low prices† is an issue of concern for the customer as well as more so for the laborer. The venturesome soul that is liable at these lower costs in Wal-Mart outlets and comparable spots happen to encroach on the capacity of enormous quantities of laborers to receive good wages and decent rewards that would empower them have a consistent existence. The cocky mentality from the legislatures towards this gathering of laborers opens them to abuse and misuse. While trying to support monetary development and improvement, organizations are setting up measures to modernize and acculturate this workforce by utilizing severe principles which wind up limiting their opportunity of development and directing their sets of accepted rules while at the work place. For example Wal-Martâ€℠¢s store arrangement of securing evening laborers bothers the workers as well as has an incredible security danger in the midst of crises. Reward for laborers Organizing laborers of this gathering has end up being a significant test. Among the significant difficulties is the way that they are among the most minimal paid. This implies most can't figure out how to satisfy a portion of the needs of the associations like organization fees. As a general rule, their working spots are little and dissipated geologically. This demonstrates an obstruction in activating specialists. Simultaneously, they are among the most viewed everything being equal. These are among the difficulties that incited the cleaners’ strikes during the 1970s in London and the Justice for Janitors Movement in the USA during the 1990s (Aguiar and

Background and Needs of the Program

Foundation and Needs of the Program Many grown-up instructive projects exist for the undeserved populaces, the projects offer a broad assortment of instructive open doors just as close to home advantages for the people who use the projects. Also the projects endeavors to upgrade instructive open doors for the grown-ups who may exist with difficulties regarding their training level, Income level, has a handicap status, or lives in a horrible geographic area. It isn't extraordinary for establishments to essentially exist from the help of awards and private commitments. The JP Foundation, Inc. Not an exemption to the past proclamation. The accompanying sections will fill in as documentation regarding giving a foundation of The JP Foundation, Inc. To Include the associations history, structure. Also, the accompanying passages will fill in as documentation concerning key attributes of the program. The key attributes will incorporate the associations essential exercises and administrations . The last sections will fill in as documentation concerning the necessities of the associations program to Include assorted variety and how the association will address the issues with the help of awards. Hierarchical BackgroundThe JP Foundation, Inc. , established in 1985 as a private not revenue driven association. The association keeps up a site and people can see the establishments data itself. Organization. The JP Foundation uses the associations money related assets to help the improvement of the library's offices, getting books, PCs, and supports the library's Center for Adult Learning. As per the establishments site, the establishments statements of purpose exists as straightforward, The JP Foundation's strategic to give the assets that upgrade and improve the Jacksonville Public Library' Jacksonville Public Library, 2013, Para. ). The structure of the program falls under the City of Jacksonville, Florida. The chairman of Jacksonville manages the program, be that as it may, guided by the leading group of trustees, city committee individuals, and the board officials. Key Characteristics The Center of Adult Learning, a grown-up instructive program offered by the JP Foundation, offers grown-ups free instructive classes to people who may exists as instructively undeserved. The grown-up instruction classes help understudies In four territories. The zones of Instruction comprise of perusing, math. Fundamental abilities. Also, English as a second language.The Center for Adult Learning will assess their instructive needs ND understanding levels. The Instructors will use an assortment of apparatuses for the assistance of the classes. The educators may utilize PCs, sound, and video tapes for roads for the understudies to get Instruction. As per Jackals, â€Å"Center for Adult Learning initially started giving perusing guidance to grown-up students in 1985. They as of now offer little gathering and PC helped guidance in perusing, math, pre GEED and English lang uage aptitudes to in excess of 800 grown-ups yearly' (2009, Para. 2).The perusing program at the Center for Adult Learning assists members' with wording capacities, phonics, and Increase members' jargon, Increase their understanding appreciation, and spelling aptitudes. As per Math, â€Å"adult learning and proficiency is unfavorable ways. It impacts wellbeing, crime percentages, work and future generations† (2013, Para. 2). Concerning the math segment of the educational plan offered by the Center for Adult Learning, the middle helps grown-up students in regular math aptitudes regarding adjusting a checkbook, unit valuing, and utilizing a calculator.Previously the essential accentuation regarding grown-up instruction has existed regarding how grown-ups win and improve grown-up proficiency abilities. â€Å"However, since the present choices depend on information, it is similarly significant for grown-up students to create and fortify aptitudes in science, and for instructors to recognize what works best in building up those abilities and make applications for adults† (U. S. Division of Education, 2013, Para. 1).In reference to fundamental abilities, the Center for Adult Learning offer aptitudes for members regarding rounding out applications for business, rounding out other general structures, a driver permit, and political decision voting forms. Fundamental abilities exists as the regular aptitudes that an individual need to have where the person in question can â€Å"successfully live in this day and age. These incorporate realizing how to function at a Job and be a piece of a group, oversee cash, oversee time, live as a major aspect of a family and learning successful correspondence skills† (Areas, 2013, Para. ) . The fourth territory the Center for Adult Learning offer aptitudes for members exists as English as a subsequent language. The Center for Adult Learning offers English as a second language to people where the individual can con vey in English. This course will help members concerning improving his or hers elocution, perusing, and discussion in little gatherings. Be that as it may, the Center of Adult Learning just offers help to people who communicate in Spanish.According to the United States Department of Education, â€Å"adult English Language programs are intended to support settlers and other people who have not yet evolved capability in English to get the fundamental information and abilities they have to work viably as parent's, laborers, and citizens† (2013, Para. 1). Requirements of the Program The necessities of the grown-up training program exists as huge. Be that as it may, the key need exists as money related. The chairman of Jacksonville, as of late declared the subsidizing for the city library will diminish by $2. Million dollars for the monetary year 2014. As a piece of the $2. Million spending cut, the subsidizing for materials will likewise diminish by $173,370 for materials. Moreov er, the spending cuts will dispense with 33 full-time positions. The spending cuts will adversy affect the teachers and materials for the Center for Adult Learning. As a piece of the spending cuts, no library will stay open Sundays, six branches will close, and the rest of the libraries will stay open for a 40-hour week Jacksonville Public Library, 2013). A monetary need exists concerning, private financing and awards as a result of the spending reductions in the Jacksonville open library framework and the Center for Adult Learning.Where the program can exists as advantageous to the most inhabitants of Devalue County the Center for Adult Learning needs to have expanded long periods of activity, have current materials, and have qualified educator to show the classes. Presently the Center for Adult Learning long periods of activity exists as Monday and Thursday 10:00 a. M. †6:00 p. M. ; Tuesday and Wednesday from 1 a. M. †7:00 p. M. , and on Fridays 10:00 a. M. †4:00 p. M. The curtailed long periods of activity exists as hard to keep up a compelling grown-up adapting program.Additionally, the program utilizes two full-time teachers one of the full-time educator and two of the part educators. To run a successful grown-up training program for a city with over a million occupants the Center for grown-up adapting needs to utilize more than one full-time and one low maintenance educator. As indicated by the National Adult Literacy Survey, â€Å"more than 150,000 grown-ups in Devalue County read beneath the fifth grade level †about 20% of our absolute population† (2013, Para. 1). At last, the Center for Adult Learning has a simple four PCs for understudies to utilize. The PCs exists as obsolete, the PCs work on aWindows 98 base working framework. A need exists to buy extra PCs with 21st century innovation. In the event that the Center for Adult Learning were to get awards or private commitments, the program could exists as an increasingly di fferentiated program to extend to dialects past Spanish. The Center for Adult Learning could utilize extra educators and buy state-of-the-art PCs to additionally propel the program. End The previous sections fills in as documentation concerning giving a foundation of the Center of Adult Learning through the JP Foundation.The foundation will incorporate the hierarchical history and structure. Moreover, the former passages fills in as documentation to giving key qualities of the program. For the Center of Adult Learning the key attributes exists as, understanding abilities, essential math aptitudes, fundamental abilities, and English as a subsequent language. The last passages will fill in as documentation concerning the requirements of the program and prompted how the program would stretch out to extra dialects and buy cutting-edge innovation and materials. References Areas, S. (2013).

An Overview of Chronic Sleep Deprivation

An Overview of Chronic Sleep Deprivation October 04, 2019 Getty / fizkes More in Stress Management Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Signs Causes Effects Treatment Coping Sleep Deprivation and Depression How to Get More Sleep Are you experiencing a case of chronic sleep deprivation? If so, you know that losing sleep is no joke. Accumulated sleep debt can lead to impairments in all areas of your life, and fixing the problem can be difficult depending on the cause. That being said, there are steps you can take to cope with sleep deprivation and ensure it does not lead to more serious issues. What Is Chronic Sleep Deprivation? In the simplest terms, chronic sleep deprivation refers to the case of getting insufficient sleep or experiencing sleeplessness over an extended period of time. Chronic sleep deprivation can vary in its severity. It may also be primary or secondary, meaning that it could be a problem in and of itself (e.g., caused by insomnia or anxiety) or caused by some other unrelated issue (e.g., a medical condition). Signs How do you know if what you are experiencing is chronic sleep deprivation? If you live with insomnia or work shifts, you may be painfully aware that youre not getting enough sleep. Some people living with undiagnosed sleep disorders, however, may not understand right away that sleep debt is the cause of what they are feeling. Below are some signs that you may be experiencing chronic sleep deprivation: waking up not feeling refreshedlacking energy for daily tasksfeeling sleepy during daytime hoursdark under eye circlestrouble concentratingfeeling irritableyawningrolling down your window or turning up your radio while driving your vehicle to try and stay awakedrifting out of your lane while drivingbeing unable to keep your eyes openhead nodding Causes What are the causes of chronic sleep deprivation? There are various potential causes, so not everyone who experiences itn will have the same underlying factors. Here are some common causes: life stress (e.g., marital, financial)working conditions (e.g., overwork, work stress, shift work)medical conditionssleep disorders (e.g., sleep apnea, insomnia)mental health issues (e.g., bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, restless legs syndrome)fatal familial insomnia (a neurodegenerative disease that results in eventual death due to the inability to experience sleep beyond stage 1 of NREM; this condition leads to panic, paranoia, phobias, hallucinations, dementia, weight loss, and death within three years)school schedules (e.g., teenagers need to sleep later and stay up later according to their physiology, but school schedules often conflict with this)using too much caffeine close to bedtimescreen use too close to bedtimefrustration or worry about being unable to fall asleep due to insomnia Effects The effects of chronic sleep deprivation are numerous. If youre dealing with this issue, it may have far-reaching effects on various areas of your life. Physical Effects The physical effects of sleep deprivation can range from decreased daily functioning to more long-term health issues. Below are several such effects: accidents in the workplacehigh blood pressurerisk of heart attack and strokeheart failureincreased risk of mortalityoverall fatiguetremors in the handsheadachesincreased risk of fibromyalgiaincreased risk of seizuresincreased appetite and related weight gain (due to hormone fluctuations)muscle soreness and achingincreased risk of type 2 diabeteslowered libidolowered fertility Mental Effects Some of the most significant negative effects of sleep debt may not obvious to an outside observer, but can cause severe impairment on a daily basis, including: failure to stay alertproblems with the ability to think clearlymemory impairmentsfalse memoriesincreased levels of stress hormoneshallucinationstriggering of maniasymptoms of psychosissymptoms similar to those of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)trouble sustaining attentionproblems processing information You may be at a higher risk of some of these effects if you are already dealing with a physical or mental health condition. Many of the effects of sleep deprivation can also have adverse secondary effects on your life, such as interfering with your relationship, impacting your judgment, and reducing your overall quality of life. Treatment Usually, treating chronic sleep deprivation will involve treating the underlying cause or causes. For example, in the case of insomnia, treatment might include cognitive-behavioral therapy to deal with the worrying component of being unable to fall asleep. Similarly, in the case of sleep apnea, this condition would be treated. In this way, it is important to figure out what the underlying case of chronic sleep deprivation is so that treatment can be tailored to that problem. Coping What is it going to take for you to cope better with chronic sleep deprivation? There are many different strategies that you can employ if you want to get more sleep and feel better. Below are some to get you started. Improve Sleep Habits Are you getting enough sleep? Adults aged 18 years and older need 7 to 8 hours of sleep per day for optimal functioning. If you arent getting this much sleep, here are some tips to help increase the odds that you will get to sleep, get better sleep, and feel more rested: Catch up on sleep on the weekends if you are unable to get enough sleep during the week. Go to bed when you feel tired and sleep until you wake up naturally (without an alarm clock). This could mean sleeping as much as 10 hours on the weekend.Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine, particularly in the hours close to bedtime.Get regular exercise but dont do vigorous exercise close to bedtimeMaintain a regular sleep schedule as much as possible (go to bed and get up at the same time every day)Only use the bedroom for sleeping and sex (i.e., no computers, television, or other activities)Ensure that your sleeping area is dark and cool enough to be comfortableIf you have trouble falling asleep, try relaxation techniques designed to help you calm down such as guided meditation, guided imagery, deep breathing, or progressive muscle relaxationIf you have insomnia, see a therapist for strategies on how to calm your anxious mind to make it easier to eventually fall asleepKeep a sleep log or dia ry where you write down the time that you fall asleep and wake up each day. This will help you track whether you are getting enough sleep, and will also help your doctor to understand your sleep patterns if you need to ask for advice.Attend a sleep study to evaluate whether you have a sleep disorder or medical condition that could be affecting your sleep.Avoid large meals before bedtime.Spend time outdoors whenever possible during the day to make it easier to sleep at night.Take a relaxing hot bath before bedtime.If you take naps, try to restrict them to 20 minutes or less, so that they dont interfere with your regular sleeping patterns.If you are a shift worker, try to limit shift changes, take naps to make up for lost sleep, and use curtains that block out daylight if you must sleep during off times.If you find yourself struggling to stay awake while driving, stop and take a 15 to 20 minute nap. Also, as much as possible, avoid driving alone between midnight and 6 am. Sleep Deprivation and Depression We know that sleep and mental health are intertwined, but its worth saying a few more things on the topic. First, it helps to understand exactly what happens when you are sleeping. There are two types of sleep: NonREM sleep and REM sleep. During NonREM sleep, everything in your body relaxes. This is the period during which your immune system is restored. its also called slow wave sleep. Then, during REM sleep, your body becomes in an alert state, similar to when you are awake. During REM sleep, you dream, and you discharge various neurotransmitters. Each night, you cycle through about 3 to 5 cycles of each of these types of sleep. The interesting part about this last fact is that because of this, chronic sleep deprivation may actually act as an antidepressant for some people experiencing clinical depression. We already know that people experiencing a manic episode as part of bipolar disorder appear to need less sleep. So, what researchers think happens is that in people who have clinical depression, when REM sleep is disrupted, there is improvement in mood because of increased serotonin, tryptophan, taurine, etc. In other words, the concentrations of these neurotransmitters build in the brain instead of being cleared out. Interestingly, this effect seems to be linked to a tendency for eveningness, or finding it easier to sleep later and go to bed later. However, the odds of relapse when using this treatment are high. Using light therapy may reduce the risk for relapse. How to Get More Sleep If you are living with chronic sleep deprivation, you know that it can disrupt all areas of your life. However, that does not mean that you have to live with this condition without relief. If you have not already, please go visit your doctor and tell him or her about the symptoms that you are experiencing. Its important that medical causes be ruled out before other options are explored. And, theres much that you can do on your own to cope with sleeping issues. Be sure that you are following best practices to get 8 hours of sleep. When thats not possible, try to get caught up on your sleep when you can, because lack of sleep accumulates in the same way that a debt snowballs. Finally, know that you are not alone living with chronic sleep deprivation. As our world has changed and people are working various schedules, glued to technology, and finding it harder and harder not to worry themselves to sleep at nightâ€"youre not the only one. If your doctor has ruled out any physical cause, its possible that talk therapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy could help you to regulate your worrying at night. Some simple tips to get started would include setting aside a worry time so that you dont have to go over your problems at night and instead deal with them at a set time each day. Another tip would be to keep a notebook beside the bed to jot down problems and issues as you think of them, so that your mind does not keep churning through them as you try to get to sleep. A Word From Verywell Have you made a plan to deal with your chronic sleep deprivation? Thats the best way to make sure that you are actually taking action and not just gathering information. At some point, its important to sit down alone or with your doctor to make an action plan with concrete steps that will help you to get your sleep deprivation under control. Whats more, you could find that once you start sleeping better, you have more energy and feel better able to deal with daily issues. It could be that you are more sleep deprived than you realize and that it will be only through changes to improve your sleep that youll finally notice a change during your daily waking hours. Whats your plan? Be sure to write one down now while you still have all this information fresh in your mind. And, if youre hoping to help a friend or family member, be sure to jot down notes on what might help that person so that you dont forget the next time you see them. How Exactly Does Stress Affect Sleep?

Ethics And Privacy Across International Borders - 2834 Words

Navi Walia Assignment 5 Ethics and Privacy Across International Borders MCL 510 11/26/14 Part 1: K: When developing Acme Data Analytics Inc. to take into the U.K. market, we need to determine the shopping behaviors of our clients. The raw data of the amount of times our clients search for â€Å"Christmas Deals† on Google, will determine how we should target our content to their browsers. M: But how will this provide quality search results that will ultimately produce our UK clients with the products they are searching for? Will these results be the right ones, thus satisfying the needs of the customer’s goals? To get gifts that will make their children happy? K: I am not concerned with the happiness of the children, rather that we are collecting the raw data and performing the duties to get maximum exposure to as many clients as possible. Based on this data, how do we replicate the results the following years? Does this lend to continued growth from the analysis of data to tangible profits in the coming years? A: Christmas time is a time for the children, and we need to take that into consideration when the searches are being performed, there are foreseeable consequences if we don’t. I feel that by collecting data based on just â€Å"Christmas Deals† is not enough. We should incorporate more measures such as last year’s U.K. Christmas online shopping trends, products that are hot this year, and what the children are asking for most this holiday season. M: I couldShow MoreRelatedPrivacy Policy Essay example1343 Words   |  6 PagesIt has become a sad fact that in today’s society the truth is that the right to one’s privacy in the information technological world has simply become a joke. The growth of computers and information technology has raised new personal challenges in today’s world. 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The Importance of Organizational Behavior Essay - 781 Words

The Importance of Organizational Behavior In any organization one can assume that the main goal of that business is to succeed; what exactly does being a winning organization mean and what does it take to get there? In the past companies placed a great amount of emphasis on the numbers and how to achieve those numbers. The people who actually helped achieve those numbers were graded on their technical skills, productivity, and budgets. Employees were moneymaking machines and how they achieved those numbers was not a concern of their managers as long as the numbers were being met. Organizational behavior studies have become more important today than in previous years because corporations must learn to adapt to the rapidly changing†¦show more content†¦Organizational Behavior or as I call it - Discipline principles is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organizatio n’s effectiveness (Robbins, S. 2001). Organizational Behavior studies three main areas in order to help organizations work more effectively; they are individuals, groups, and structure. Everyone and everything in an organization makes an impact on the way an organization functions, therefore knowing what makes your employee â€Å"tick† is a key factor in success. In an organization an employee is expected to have skills pertaining to the specific job description. Hiring a ballet dancer to play hockey is not only absurd but also non productive. Technical skills, depending on the position in your organization is sometimes required and absolutely necessary. But, in most organizations if you can find someone that has excellent interpersonal skills and common sense, you can train them on the technical aspect of the position. As a manager in today’s business arena, your interpersonal skills must be fine-tuned. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is now falling into play with employees and managers decisions. â€Å"Proper management of the work lives of human beings, of the way in which they earn their living, can improve them and improve the world and in this sense be a utopian or revolutionaryShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior Importance1772 Words   |  8 PagesOrganizational Behavior Importance Organizational behavior is the study of how organizations can be structures more effectively, and how several events in their outside situations effect organizations. 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7-Eleven Japan Business Domain Free Essays

| | | Assessing Business- IT Alignment| Rosa Kemper Cohort 27 Dr. K. Cousins February 17, 2013 Table of Contents I – Executive Summary/Overview Baptist Hospital a) Mission Statement b) Vision statement II. We will write a custom essay sample on 7-Eleven Japan Business Domain or any similar topic only for you Order Now Information Technology: a) Mission Statement b) Vision Statement III. The Business As-Is: Business Scope and Value Discipline IV. Information Technology AS-IS: IT Infrastructure and Scope of Business V. Assessing Business Strategic Alignment and Maturity: IT To-Be Business To-be VI. Evaluation of Strategic Alignment Maturity Assessment: Luftman’s SAM Survey Part I: Effectiveness of IT and Business communications (Score 2. 8) Part II: Measurement of the competency and value of IT Score (Score 2. 93) Part III: The governance Partnerships between IT and Business Functions (Score 2. 41) Part IV: Partnerships between IT and Business functions (Score 2. 31) Part V: Scope and Architecture of the IT Infrastructure (Score 2. 67) Part VI. Human resource skills (2. 56) VII. Recommendation to address gaps in the alignment VIII. Strategic Alignment Enablers IX. Strategic Alignment Inhibitors I – Executive Summary/Overview: Baptist Health South Florida, Inc. a not-for-profit health care organization, operates medical plazas, surgical facilities, and hospitals. It offers addiction treatment, behavioral medicine, blood conservation program, cancer, cardiovascular, care and counseling, children’s health, community wellness, critical care center, diabetes, emergency, endoscopy, executive health, gamma knife center, heart surgery, home care, hyperbaric, imaging, intensive care unit, international, interventional/surgical, laboratory, neonatal, neuroscience, and nutrition counseling services. The company also provides occupational health, orthopedics, outpatient/diagnostic, pain center, pastoral care, pediatric, pel†¦ Baptist Health South Florida (BHSF) is the largest faith-based, not-for-profit health care organization in the area. It has an exceptional reputation for medical and service excellence. Baptist Health South Florida, Inc. was formerly known as Baptist Health Systems of South Florida, Inc. and changed its name to Baptist Health South Florida, Inc. in March 2002. The company was founded in 1990 and is headquartered in Coral Gables, Florida. It has a network of seven hospitals, Baptist, Baptist Children’s, South Miami, Homestead, Mariners and Doctors Hospitals, and Baptist Cardiac Vascular Institute, with services extending throughout Miami-Dade and Monroe Counties. There are a total of 28 Baptist Outpatient Services Facilities and Medical Plazas which provide outpatient diagnostic, surgical, home health and urgent care services. Specialty areas are: Cancer, Cardiovascular, Children’s Health, Diabetes, Gamma Knife, Diagnostic, Childbirth, Rehabilitation, Senior Services, Women’s Health, and Urgent Care. Baptist Health serves more than 100,000 people each year. Approximately 2,000 physicians and nearly 12,000 employees adhere to the organization’s mission to provide high-quality, cost-effective, compassionate healthcare services to all, including, as permitted by its resources, charity care to those in need. In 2007, Baptist Health provided an estimated $124 million in charity care. The Baptist Healthcare International Center of Miami is one of the largest hospital-based international programs in America. Thousands of people each year travel to Miami from around the world to visit their medical facilities and respected physicians. The pineapple logo is an age-old symbol of hospitality and warmth. It is reflected in their customer and patient-oriented focus. Baptist Health was created in 1990, but its tradition of medical excellence goes back decades. Baptist Hospital Baptist Hospital is a 680-bed facility located in the Kendall area of south Miami-Dade County. It was founded in 1960. Today, the hospital is a major medical center, attracting patients from all over the U. S. , the Caribbean, Latin America and beyond. More than 32,000 people are hospitalized at Baptist each year; about 78,000 receive emergency care in our 24-hour Emergency Center and Children’s Emergency Center. Mission Statement The mission of Baptist Health is to improve the health and well-being of individuals, and to promote the sanctity and preservation of life, in the communities we serve. Baptist Health is a faith-based organization guided by the spirit of Jesus Christ and the Judeo-Christian ethic. We are committed to maintaining the highest standards of clinical and service excellence, rooted in the utmost integrity and moral practice. Consistent with its spiritual foundation, Baptist Health is dedicated to providing high-quality, cost-effective, compassionate healthcare services to all, regardless of eligion, creed, race or national origin, including, as permitted by its resources, charity care to those in need†. Vision statement â€Å"Baptist Health will be the preeminent healthcare provider in the communities we serve, the organization that people instinctively turn to for their healthcare needs. Baptist Health will offer a broad range of clinical services that are evidence-based and compassionately provided to ensure patient safety, superior clinical outcomes and the highest levels of satisfaction with a patient- and family-centered focus. Baptist Health will be a national and international leader in healthcare innovation†. II. Information Technology: Mission Statement â€Å"To support the BHSF vision by providing the highest quality technology solutions to our customers in an efficient and cost effective manner†. Vision Statement â€Å"Fully leverage our technology capabilities to provide meaningful information anywhere, anytime to our physicians, clinicians, patients, and employees in a secured and user friendly manner. In order to meet this goal, we will continue to implement advanced technologies such as wireless networking, multi-media telecommunications, digitized imaging, and web-based clinical and business applications throughout BHSF†. III. The Business As-Is: Business Scope and Value Discipline The organization has created a new delivery of care model built on a value-based strategy. The employment of advanced technology strategies with state of the art web based applications, complex data security platforms and data monitoring offers a wide variety of technology resources made available to the participants in the delivery of care. The highly efficient and widely accessible web and smartphone application for consumer speaks of the Value Discipline and Product Innovation aimed at benchmarking and incentivizing customer satisfaction, care coordination, and total care management. Moreover, the emphasis on technology leadership positions the business as a frontrunner in the marketplace thus cultivating a distinguishable loyal culture among its customers as a niche. Customer satisfaction is primarily what gives the company its competitive edge. The overall goals are to improve individual patient care, improve overall performance, minimize risks and decrease medical costs. The matrix style management ensures that interdisciplinary membership actively reflects on decisions affecting the overall organization. Innovation is a constant on all aspects of the organization’s dynamic strategy creating an agile and successful business. Whether in technology being applied, products and services, etc†¦ strong partnerships are created with other organizations in order to distinguish itself in the hyper competitive market. As an example recently BHSF has announced a newly formed Accountable Care Organization (ACO) alliance with BCBS to meet the needs of cancer patients in response to the changing environment and the â€Å"age† of the Affordable Care initiative. (1) IV. Information Technology AS-IS: IT Infrastructure and Scope of Business Scope of Business – â€Å"The Information Technology Department provides computer support and implementation services for all BHSF entities including the BHSF Medical Staff. Computer support and implementation services include the appropriate levels of hardware, application, network, telecommunications, operating system, media and telemedicine support required to maintain operations†. The goals and duties of the department are to contribute towards creating an efficient information exchange that can help in improving health outcomes and lowering delivery costs. To identify educational needs with regard to training existing workforce and future workforce in the information technology healthcare environment. Compliance efforts pushed the department towards the a) centralization of management, b) auditing and c) reporting tools. V. Assessing Business Strategic Alignment and Maturity: IT To-Be Baptist Health prides itself on its health care competences and outstanding reputation. The IT department effectively participates in functional level in the decision process and overall structure of the business and project requirements. The IT infrastructure is well integrated throughout the organization and effort and cooperation between the business and IT exists in moderate alignment. This partnership helps maximize the goals of the organization. Emphasis on bringing their own internal IT operations up to speed and using their internal personnel resources is part of the organization’s priorities. To validate this observation some examples may shed some light into concerns of processes management, efficiency and standardization that presented potential catastrophe for the business but were appropriately and positively addressed. The IT system had become outdated and cumbersome. The business and IT collaboratively reached out to an outside consultant to streamline its IT process and improve the perceived value to the business. There were many options on how and where to enter time, so time was often omitted. There was no centralized data warehouse. Project database inaccuracies were updated irregularly. There was no reporting tool for IT resource expenditures, which made establishing the value-add of technology difficult. Finding details on current projects- because there was no consistent reporting process in place- was challenging for managers. Managing work demand and outcomes was nearly impossible. â€Å"The project database gave the level of detail needed for improved project management but the centralized time tracking database has improved efficiencies for resource management as well. Using Planview Enterprise, we have better management, prioritization, and review of project requests. This improved business efficiency assures accurate and timely service delivery to our customers. †(2) Baptist Health also evaluated many resources and criteria to implement the Oracle Identity Analytics (OIA) as the solution to maintain its roles and place the foundation for automated role governance. BHSF employed Simeo Solutions as a â€Å"trusted† advisor to build the strategy to seamlessly transition the roles into an electronic repository and also build the roadmap for role attestations and role lifecycle management†. (3) The IT department has a high degree of participation in aligning itself with the business structure and on the hands-on implementation of projects that support the organization’s strategy and strategic plans. The have value and the respect they need to maintain the organizational support. However, decision making process on the organizational level rests on the board of directors and upper level business management. Business To-be Business processes and workflows are generally communicated based on expectations about technology, people and organizational goals that can become obsolete over time. Companies finally must reengineer their processes. Key to the company’s success is analyzing and implementing sustainable processes. Baptist Health has a well-thought-out approach to solution strategy by utilizing top leaders in the industry as consultants in the areas of: a) operational efficiency, b) regulatory compliance, c) user productivity and e) business agility. The internal IT infrastructure serves fundamentally in an educational and supportive role as well as the launching platform to implementation of the developing framework. The maturity of the alignment appears to be an established and focused process. VI. Evaluation of Strategic Alignment Maturity Assessment: Luftman’s SAM Survey The purpose of this case study is to demonstrate the level of alignment that exists between IT and the business within this organization and to point out what, why and how strategic deficiencies pertaining to the alignment or lack thereof were resolved. As a tool, the Luftman’s Strategic Alignment Model (SAM) Survey (4) was administered to two IT and two business Mid-Management level executives at Baptist Hospital, one of the largest facilities in the BHSF system. The results validate the intra-organizational limitations that may exist in the relationship between the business and the IT department but portray a dynamic institution striving to align itself while creating a competitive advantage and differentiating itself as a leader in the healthcare market. The organization’s strategic alignment is measured by focusing on six aspects of the organization. These six aspects are what provide the different criteria for determining the maturity of an organization’s alignment. The six categories are: 1. Effectiveness of Communications 2. Measurement of Competency and Value of IT 3. IT Governance 4. Partnerships Between Business and IT Functions 5. IT Infrastructure Scope and Architecture 6. IT Infrastructure Scope and Architecture Part I: Effectiveness of IT and Business Communications (Score 2. 88) Senior and Mid-level It mangers work together to seek and promote innovation and cutting edge products in the changing healthcare environment. Communication exists in the form of weekly formal meetings that address emerging processes and projects. Unit business and IT managers are encouraged to promote IT integration in the business process and senior level business managers have a good understanding of the value that IT brings to BHSF. They work in tandem to continue improvement of the internal IT infrastructure by bringing in external sources as advisors, continuous training for management level as well as workforce level members. The phone-mail and the intranet are integrated into the daily operations and used as the main form for communication and Intranet is also applied for educational purposes. There is structured sharing of information at the unit level that is in turn shared with upper level management at formal board meetings. Part II: Measurement of the Competency and Value of IT Score (Score 2. 93) Both business and IT use formal traditional technical and cost efficiency measures to determine the return on investment (ROI) and activity-based costing (ABC) per survey data. As described earlier the continuous innovation in technology that is implemented across the organization, be it in the delivery of care, documentation applications, medical procedures, management tools and entire IT infrastructure that makes up the fabric of the organization in itself, serve as a guide of how BHSF distinguishes itself in the regional industry. Competencies are measured by metrics. Feedback is obtained in the form of surveys administered to clients and used point out areas for potential improvement and overall customer satisfaction. Part III: The Governance Partnerships between IT and Business Functions (Score 2. 41) Strategic planning is done at the functional unit level with some business involvement. Because of the support and collaboration that IT provides for the organization, there is an understood interdependency. The governance of the IT department is mostly centralized and it controls its own infrastructure. Planning occurs in the functional unit level and in some degree intra-organizationally – as demonstrated in the examples mentioned above where the IT department played a key role in restructuring the then-deficient and outdated process. Part IV: Partnerships Between IT and Business Functions (Score 2. 31) Because the partnership that exists between the IT and the business, better management, prioritization, and review of project requests is achieved across the company. This improved business efficiency assures accurate and timely service delivery to customers. Project Performance that IT delivers is a key resource in providing services and sound business outcomes and assists in measuring the performance of the company. Part V: Scope and Architecture of the IT Infrastructure (Score 2. 7) The IT department function is mostly Federated in that the corporate IT Unit administers the responsibility of the architecture, the administrative systems and standardized decisions but authority for resources applications lies with each functional unit. IT is budgeted as a cost center and financial decisions regarding IT are done at a functional organizational level. The productivity and effectiveness that the IT department brings to the organization is viewed as a strategy enabler and is subject to traditional financial reviews. The IT steering committee meets as needed but also formally to recap the effectives of project implementation and metrics. Part VI. Human resource skills (2. 56) By using one centralized project data base the BHSF IT organization is able to manage its employee payroll systems and administrative functions in a seamless manner. Career cross-over, education and entrepreneurial innovation is strongly encouraged in the organization. The in-depth knowledge of these individuals assists with the alignment of the functional units and the overall business and helps decipher the needs of the enterprise. Trust and confidence among business and IT is an enabler for the corporation. It fosters a positive social and political, productive and efficient work environment that promotes employee participation and loyalty. It is perhaps the vital element that makes BHSF a successful corporation. VII. Recommendation to address gaps in the alignment The web-based platform is compatible with all other current IT systems and will improve the efficiency and accuracy of reporting throughout the company. Some of the ways that this technology will achieve its desired results are: Plan | Goals/Objectives| Outcomes| Management Planfor Information Management| Improve record keeping and information | IT Project will allow for real-time information and data entry, increased information accuracy, and a consolidated source for all payroll and administrative data| Consulting for Information Management| Utilize new technology to support company and department missions more effectively| New technology will allow many payroll and administrative functions to be automated reducing the levels of staff required to manage these systems| Continuous collaborative efforts from the IT department and the employment of consulting firms to advise and formulate a more centralized administrative platform will enabled BHSF to manage its employee payroll systems and administrative functions in a consolidated efficient manner. Another enabler is the technology implemented that has already proven to reduce overhead costs associated with the large workforce currently required to manage tasks, training, reporting, and various other administrative tasks. In the long run the company will also benefit from more timely and accurate financial reporting as a result of managers’ ability to enter and continuously update their financial metrics. The cost is justified by the benefit. Sharing of risks and rewards in projects will improve the business and help move the company forward to the next level of maturity. VIII. Strategic Alignment Enablers: * Senior executives support IT and use outside resources to augment performance. * IT involved in strategy development to moderate extent. There is Business- It partnership with a common goal to benefit the corporation IX. Strategic Alignment Inhibitors * There is a close relationship between IT and Business. * IT understands the business better than the business understands IT. * Projects are prioritized however change is moderately slow. Management is working on Changing this culture. Bibliography: 1) http://hcafnews. com/tag/Baptist-health-south-florida/ Florida Blue, Baptist Health and P hysicians Group to Set Up Accountable Care Organization in Miami. 2) http://search. aol. com/aol/search? s_it=topsearchbox. earchv_t=comsearch51-txtlnkusaolp00000051q=case+study+baptist+healthcare+south+florida+planview – Project management Gets a Shot in the Arm at Baptist Health – Business Technology Consultant and Planview Enterprise Administrator Baptist Health South Florida Diane Novas. 3) http:// www. simeiosolutions. com/Baptist-health-south-florida/ – Baptist Health South Florida Implements Oracle Identity Analysis for Role Lifecycle Management 4) Assessing Business-IT Alignment Maturity. Volume 4, Article 14, Dec 2000. Jerry Luftman, School of Management, Stevens Institure of Technology. How to cite 7-Eleven Japan Business Domain, Papers

Vpn with Ipsec free essay sample

Abstract The goal of VPNs is to provide a cost-effective and secure way to connect business to one another and remote workers to office networks. Network Security Protocols encompasses the basis for safe amp; reliable data transfer. These security devices should be able to provide accountability, access control, confidentiality, integrity, while all the time being cost effective. This provides us with different security protocols related to the transfer of data through a network. With a prevalent system of networks the frontier for world data communication, it is absolutely critical to be able to have these protocols provide the most secure service possible. In this report technical review IPSec protocol involved with Network Security. Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) It is a suite of protocol for securing IP communications by authentication and encryption of each IP packet of a communication session. IPSec also includes protocols for establishing mutual authentication between agents at the beginning of the session and negotiating cryptography keys which is to be used during the session. We will write a custom essay sample on Vpn with Ipsec or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page IPSec is an end to end security scheme operating in the Layer of Internet of the IP suite. It can be used in protecting data flows between a pair of hosts, between a pair of security gateways, or between a security gateway and a host. 2. Introduction to VPN A VPN is a virtual private network, which is built on top of existing physical network that can provide a secure communication mechanism for data and other information transmitted between networks. Because VPN can be used over existing networks, such as the Internet, it can facilitate the secure transfer of sensitive data across public networks. This is often less expensive than alternatives such as dedicated private telecommunications lines between organizations or branch offices. VPNs can also provide flexible solutions, such as securing communications between remote telecommuters and the organization’s servers, regardless of where the telecommuters are located. A VPN can even be established within a single network to protect particularly sensitive communications from other parties on the same network. It is important to understand that VPNs do not remove all risk from networking. While VPNs can greatly reduce risk, particularly for communications that occur over public networks, they cannot remove all risk for such communications. One problem is the strength of the implementation. For example, flaws in an encryption algorithm or the software implementing the algorithm could allow attackers to decrypt intercepted traffic; random number generators that do not produce sufficiently random values could provide additional attack possibilities. Another issue is encryption key disclosure; an attacker who discovers a key could not only decrypt traffic but potentially also poses as a legitimate user. Another area of risk involves availability. A common model for information assurance is based on the concepts of confidential, integrity, and availability. Although VPNs are designed to support confidentiality and integrity, they generally do not improve availability, the ability for authorized users to access systems as needed. In fact, many VPN implementations actually tend to decrease availability somewhat, because they add more components and services to the existing network infrastructure. This is highly dependent upon the chosen VPN architecture model and the details of the implementation. 3. 1 VPN Technologies The Internet is a shared public network of networks with open transmission protocols. Therefore, VPNs must include measures for packet encapsulation (tunneling), encryption, and authentication to ensure that sensitive data reaches its destination without modifying by unauthorized parties. Fig: IP Packet 2. 2 Tunnels The thing that makes a Virtual Private Network â€Å"virtually private† is known as tunnel. Even though you access your network via Internet, you’re not really â€Å"on† the Internet, you are actually â€Å"on† your company network. Although the term â€Å"tunnel† feels like it’s describing a fixed path through the Internet, this is not the case. There are some enterprises out there going even higher. Even the fastest computers today would need extended time to crack a code that is complex. You might be tempted to make a policy of always using the highest-bit encryption method available, but keep in mind that processing such complicated cipher-text will require significant, dedicated CPU processing power. There are other ways to use keys to the outmost security to fit your needs. For example, it does, indeed, take time to crack the higher-bit keys. If you establish a policy of periodically changing your keys, the trespassers won’t be able to keep up. . 4. 1 Symmetrical Keys Symmetrical keys means the same key is used at each end of the tunnel to encrypt and decrypt information. Because a symmetrical key is being shared by both parties, there must be an understanding between the two to take appropriate steps to keep the key secret, which is why symmetrical keys are often referred to as â€Å"shared secrets. † The se keys become more difficult to distribute, since they must be kept confidential. A technique called â€Å"key splitting† may be employed to reduce the potential of key disclosure during transit. This allows participants to use public channels such as the Internet. More commonly, however, distribution of symmetrical keys is more of a manual operation using paper, removable media, or hardware docking. 2. 4. 2 Asymmetrical Keys Asymmetrical keys are slightly more complicated, but, logistically, much easier to manage. Asymmetrical keys allow information to be encrypted with one key and decrypted with a different key. The two keys used in this scenario are referred to as private and public keys, or the ones you keep to yourself and the ones you distribute to your remote users. Consider this example: Let’s call our business FQT and HIQT. FQT has a set of two keys, a public key and a private key. His public key has been programmed to encrypt data so that only his own private key can decipher it. In order to communicate securely, FQT hands his public key to HIQT and tells him to encrypt anything he sends with that code. Using this asymmetrical keying method, both are assured that only FQT will be able to read those transmissions because he retains the private decoder key. If the communication is to be bi-directional, HIQT would share his public key with FQT in the same manner. . 5 Key Management Configuring pre-shared secrets in smaller VPNs does not necessarily require software automation or large infrastructure investments. However, larger networks might benefit from deploying a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) to create, distribute, and track digital certificates on individual-user basis. You can use pre-shared keys or digital signatures if your equi pment supports these authentication alternatives. However, if you decide to use certificates, there are options. For example, you may use third-party Certificate Authority services. Or, you may build your own Certificate Authority using software from Entrust, Xcert, or Baltimore Technologies. Either option will help you establish a comprehensive PKI, which is especially useful in large organizations needed to extend secure, limited network access beyond their own internal users to business partners and customers. 2. 6 Authentication The last bit of housekeeping involved in VPN transmission is authentication. At this step, recipients of data can determine if the sender is really who he says he is (User/System Authentication) and if the data was redirected or corrupted enroute (Data Authentication). . 6. 1 User/System Authentication Consider, again, our two business named FQT and HIQT. When FQT receives a message signed from HIQT, FQT picks a random number and encrypts it using a key which only HIQT should be able to decode. HIQT then decrypts the random number and re-encrypts it using a key only QT should be able to decode. When FQT gets his number back, he can b e assured it is really IQT on the other end. 2. 6. 2 Data Authentication In order to verify that data packets have arrived unaltered, VPN systems often use a technique involving â€Å"hash functions. A hash function creates a sort of fingerprint of the original data. It calculates a unique number, called a hash, based on fixed or variable length values of unique bit strings. The sender attaches the number to the data packet before the encryption step. When the recipient receives the data and decrypts it, he can calculate his own hash independently. The output of his calculation is compared to the stored value appended by the sender. If the two hashes do not match, the recipient can be able to assume the data has been altered. 3. VPN Protocols used for tunneling 3. 1 IPSec IPSec is a standard for secure encrypted communication that provides two security methods: Authenticated Headers (AH) and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP). AH is used to authenticate packets, whereas ESP encrypts the data portion of packets. It can work in two different modes: transport mode and tunnel mode. IPSec is commonly combined with IKE as a means of using public key cryptography to encrypt data between LANs or between a client and a LAN. IKE provides for the exchange of public and private keys. 3. 2 PPP In networking, the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is commonly used in establishing a direct connection between two networking nodes. It can provide connection authentication, transmission encryption, and compression. 3. 3 L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is an extension of the long protocol used to establish dial-up connections on the Internet, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). L2TP uses IPSec rather than MPPE to encrypt data sent over PPP. 3. 4 PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is commonly used by remote users who need to connect to a network using a dial-in connection of modem. PPTP uses Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption (MPPE) to encrypt data that passes between the remote computer and the remote access server. 3 Technical Review of IPSec over VPN 4. 1 IPSec IPSec is the Internet standard protocol for tunneling, encryption, and authentication. It was designed to protect network traffic by addressing basic usage issues including:- †¢ Access control †¢ Connection integrity †¢ Authentication of data origin †¢ Protection against replays †¢ Traffic flow confidentiality The IPSec protocol allows two operational modes. In Transport mode, everything behind the packet and not including the IP header is protected. In Tunnel mode, everything behind and including the header is protected, requiring a new pseudo IP header. While the IPSec protocol was under development, two other protocols — L2TP and PPTP used as temporary solutions. L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol) encloses non-Internet protocols such as IPX, SNA, and AppleTalk inside an IP envelope. However, L2TP has to rely on other protocols for encryption functions. PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) is a proprietary Microsoft encryption and authentication protocol. Although originally developed as a temporary solution, Microsoft continues to deploy L2TP as its tunneling protocol instead of IPSec tunneling. When comparing the three, IPSec is, the most widely used protocol, and the only one that addresses future VPN environments (such as new IP protocols). 4. 1. 2 IPSec Architecture The architecture of the IPSec implementation refers to the selection of device and software to provide IPSec services and the placement of IPSec endpoints within the existing network infrastructure. These two considerations are often closely tied together; For example, a decision could be made to use the existing Internet firewall as the IPSec gateway. This section will explore three particular aspects of IPSec architecture:- gateway placement, IPSec client software for hosts, and host address space management. Fig: Gateway-to-Gateway VPN for Remote Office Connectivity 4. 1. 3 IPSec Functions Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) has emerged as the most commonly used network layer security control for protecting communications. IPSec is a framework of open standards for ensuring private communications over IP networks. Depending on how IPSec is implemented and configured, it can provide any combination of the following types of protection: Confidentiality. IPSec can ensure that data cannot be read by unknown parties. This is accomplished by encrypting data using a cryptographic algorithm and a secret key. A value known only to the two parties exchanging data. The data can only be decrypted by someone who has the secret key. Integrity. IPSec can determine if data has been changed (intentionally or unintentionally) during transit. The integrity of data can be assured by enerating a message authentication code (MAC) value, which is a cryptographic checking sum of the data. If the data is altered and the MAC is recalculated, the old and new MACs will be different. Peer Authentication. Each IPSec endpoint confirms the identity of the other IPSec endpoint with which it wishes to communicate, ensuring that the network traffic and data is being sent from the expected host. Replay Protection. The same data is not delivered multiple times, and data is not delivered grossly out of order. However, IPSec does not ensure that data is delivered in the exact order in which it is sent. Traffic Analysis and Protection. A person monitoring network traffic does not know which parties are communicating, how often communications are occurring, or how much data is being exchanged. However, the number of packets being exchanged can be counted. Access Control. IPSec endpoints can perform filtering to ensure that only authorized IPSec users can access particular network resources. IPSec endpoints can also allow or block certain types of network traffic, such as allowing Web server access but denying file sharing. 4. 1. 4 IPSec Fundamentals IPSec is a collection of protocols that assist in protecting communications over IP networks. IPSec protocols work together in various combinations to provide protection for communications. The three primary components of the IPSec protocol that provides the protections for the communication are ESP, AH and IKE. Encapsulating security Payload (ESP) ESP is the second core IPSec security protocol. In the initial version of IPSec, ESP provided only encryption for packet payload data. It can perform authentication to provide integrity protection, although not for the outermost IP header. Also, ESP. s encryption can be disabled through the Null ESP Encryption Algorithm. Therefore, in all but the oldest IPSec implementations, ESP can be used to provide only encryption; encryption and integrity protection; or only integrity protection Authentication Header (AH) AH, one of the IPSec security protocols provides integrity protection for packet headers and data, as well as user authentication. It can optionally provide replay protection and access protection. AH cannot encrypt any portion of packets. In the initial version of IPSec, the ESP protocol could provide only encryption, not authentication, so AH and ESP were often used together to provide both confidentiality and integrity protection for communications. Because authentication capabilities were added to ESP in the second version of IPSec AH has become less significant; in fact, some IPSec software no longer supports AH. However, AH is still valuable because AH can authenticate portions of packets that ESP cannot. Internet Key Exchange (IKE) The purpose of the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol is to negotiate, create, and manage security associations. Security association is a generic term for a set of values that define the IPSec features and protections applied to a connection. It can also be manually created, using values agreed upon in advance by both parties, but these security associations cannot be updated; this method does not scale for a real-life large-scale VPNs. In IPSec, IKE is used to provide a secure mechanism for establishing IPSec-protected connections. 4. 1. 5 IPSec Protocol Basics Transport mode is used to provide secure communications between hosts over any range of IP addresses. Tunnel mode is used to create secure links between two private networks. Tunnel mode is the obvious choice for VPNs; however, there are some concerns about using tunnel mode in a client-to-site VPN because the IPSec protocol by itself does not provide for user authentication. However, when combined with an authentication system like Kerberos, IPSec can authenticate users. 4. 1. 6 Cryptography Used in IPSec Sessions Cryptography policy involves choosing encryption and integrity protection algorithms and key lengths. Most IPSec implementations offer the HMAC-MD5 and HMAC-SHA-1 hashing algorithms. Neither of these algorithms is computationally intensive. Although both plain MD5 and plain SHA-1 have known weaknesses, both are still considered sufficiently secure in their HMAC versions. In some implementations of IPSec, the cryptography policy settings are not immediately apparent to admin. The default settings for encryption and integrity protection, as well as the details of each setting, are often located down several levels of menus or are split among multiple locations. It is also challenging with some implementations to alter the settings once they have been located. . 1. 7 Authentication Used for Identifying IPSec IPSec implementations typically support two authentication methods: pre-shared keys and digital signatures. To use pre-shared keys, the IPSec admin creates a key or password string, which is then configured in each IPSec device. Pre-shared keys are the simplest authentication method to implement, but key management is challenging. Because of scalability and secu rity concerns, pre-shared key authentication is generally an acceptable solution only for small-scale implementations with known IP addresses or small IP address ranges. In the digital signature method, a certificate identifies each device, and each device is configured to use certificates. Two IPSec endpoints will trust each other if a Certification Authority (CA) that they both trust has signed their certificates. Many organizations are currently implementing public key infrastructures (PKI) for managing certificates for IPSec VPNs and other applications such as secure e-mail and Web access. 5. Conclusion VPNs allow users or corporations to connect to remote servers, branch offices, or to other companies over internetwork of public, while maintaining secure communications.